Conditions for the Permissibility of Conscientious Objection to Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada: An Ethical Analysis Using Deontology, Principlism, and Utilitarianism 

References

[i] Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying), 1st Session, 42nd Parliament, 2016.

[ii] Ibid.

[iii] Ibid.

[iv] Julian Savulescu, Udo Schuklenk, “Doctors have no right to refuse medical assistance in dying, abortion or contraception,” Bioethics 31 no. 3 (2017): 162-170.

[v] Udo Schuklenk, Richard J. Smalling, “Why medical professional have no moral claim to conscientious objection accommodation in liberal democracies,” J Med Ethics 43 no. 4 (2017): 234-340.

[vi] Udo Schuklenk, “Time to take another serious look at conscientious objection,” Bioethics 30 no. 9 (2017): 655-656.

[vii] Julian Savulescu, Udo Schuklenk, “Doctors have no right to refuse medical assistance in dying, abortion or contraception,” Bioethics 31 no. 3 (2017): 162-170.

[viii] Udo Schuklenk, Richard J. Smalling, “Why medical professional have no moral claim to conscientious objection accommodation in liberal democracies,” J Med Ethics 43 no. 4 (2017): 234-340.

[ix] Udo Schuklenk, “Time to take another serious look at conscientious objection,” Bioethics 30 no. 9, (2017): 655-656. 

[x] Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part 1 of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.

[xi] Timothy Christie, John Sloan, Dylan Dahlgren, Fred Koning, “Medical assistance in dying in Canada: An ethical analysis of conscientious and religious objections,” BioéthiqueOnline, (2017): 5, doi: https:// doi.org/10.7202/1044272ar.

[xii] Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying), 1st Session, 42nd Parliament, 2016.

[xiii] Joshua T. Landry, Thomas Foreman, Michael Kekewich, “Ethical considerations in the regulation of euthanasia and physician-assisted death in Canada,” Health Policy 119 no. 11 (2017): 1490-1498. 

[xiv] Alister Browne, J.S. Russell, “Physician-assisted death in Canada,” Camb Q Healthc Ethics 25 no. 3 (2016): 377-383. 

[xv] Benny Chan, Margaret Somerville, “Converting the ‘right to life’ to the ‘right to physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia’: An analysis of Carter v Canada (Attorney General), Supreme Court of Canada,” Med Law Rev 24 no. 2 (2016): 143-175.

[xvi] Rodriguez v British Columbia, [1993], 3 SCR 519.

[xvii] Carter v Canada, [2015], 1 SCR 331. 

[xviii] Alister Browne, J.S. Russell, “Physician-assisted death in Canada,” Camb Q Healthc Ethics 25 no. 3 (2016): 377-383.

[xix] Grace Pollock, K. Bruce Newbold, Ginette Lafrenière, Sara Edge, “Discrimination in the doctor’s office: Immigrants and refugee experiences,” Critical Social Work 13 no. 2 (2012): 60-67.

[xx] Lauren Vogel, “Patient complaints about Canadian doctors on the rise,” CMAJ 190 no. 13, (2013): E408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-5585.

[xxi] Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying), 1st Session, 42nd Parliament, 2016.

[xxii] Peter G. Brindley, Jeff P. Kerrie, "Conscientious objection and medical assistance in dying (MAID) in Canada: Difficult Questions – Insufficient answers,” Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine 11 no. 4 (2016): 7-10.

[xxiii] Timothy Christie, John Sloan, Dylan Dahlgren, Fred Koning, “Medical assistance in dying in Canada: An ethical analysis of conscientious and religious objections,” BioéthiqueOnline, (2017): 5, doi: https:// doi.org/10.7202/1044272ar.

[xxiv] Ewan C. Goligher, E. Wesley Ely, Daniel P. Sulmasy, Jan Bakker, John Raphael, Angelo E. Volandes, Bhavesh M. Patel, Kate Payne, Anne-Marie Hosie, Larry Churchill, Douglas B. White, James Downar, “Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the ICU: A dialogue on core ethical issues,” Crit Care Med 45 no. 2 (2017): 149-155.

[xxv] Udo Schuklenk, Richard J. Smalling, “Why medical professional have no moral claim to conscientious objection accommodation in liberal democracies,” J Med Ethics 43 no. 4 (2017): 234-340.

[xxvi] Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying), 1st Session, 42nd Parliament, 2016.

[xxvii] Julian Savulescu, Udo Schuklenk, “Doctors have no right to refuse medical assistance in dying, abortion or contraception,” Bioethics 31 no. 3 (2017): 162-170.

[xxviii] Ewan C. Goligher, E. Wesley Ely, Daniel P. Sulmasy, Jan Bakker, John Raphael, Angelo E. Volandes, Bhavesh M. Patel, Kate Payne, Anne-Marie Hosie, Larry Churchill, Douglas B. White, James Downar, “Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the ICU: A dialogue on core ethical issues,” Crit Care Med 45 no. 2 (2017): 149-155. 

[xxix] Ibid.

[xxx] Health Canada, Third interim report on medical assistance in dying in Canada, Health Canada, (2018): 1-12. 

[xxxi] Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part 1 of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.

[xxxii] Timothy Christie, John Sloan, Dylan Dahlgren, Fred Koning, “Medical assistance in dying in Canada: An ethical analysis of conscientious and religious objections,” BioéthiqueOnline, (2017): 5, doi: https:// doi.org/10.7202/1044272ar.

[xxxiii] Julian Savulescu, Udo Schuklenk, “Doctors have no right to refuse medical assistance in dying, abortion or contraception,” Bioethics 31 no. 3 (2017): 162-170.

[xxxiv] Roger Trigg, “Conscientious objection and ‘effective referral’,” Camb Q Healthc Ethics 26 no. 1 (2017): 32-43. 

[xxxv] Ibid.

[xxxvi] Ibid.

[xxxvii] Christopher Cowley, “A defence of conscientious objection in medicine: A reply to Schuklenk and Savulescu,” Bioethics 30 no. 5, (2017): 358-364.

[xxxviii] Jocelyn Maclure, Isabelle Dumont, “Selling conscience short: A response to Schuklenk and Smalling on conscientious objections by medical professionals,” J Med Ethics 43 no. 4 (2017): 241-244.