English in Navajo (Diné Bizaad): From Code-Switching to Language Reclamation

Notes

[1] David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. (Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2021). http://www.ethnologue.com.

[2] Charlotte Schaengold. “Bilingual Navajo: mixed codes, bilingualism, and language maintenance.” (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2004), 1-2

[3] Schaengold, “Bilingual Navajo,” 6-8

[4] Foster et al., “Describing the Language of Navajo Children”, Journal of Navajo Education Volume vii, Number 1. (Fall 1989): 16

[5] Donald Winford. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. (Blackwell Publishing. Malden, MA., 2003), 168

[6] Jacques Arends, Pieter Muysken; Norval Smith, Pidgins and creoles: An introduction, (Amsterdam: Benjamins. 1995), 

[7] Schaengold, “Bilingual Navajo,” 1-5

[8] Kip Canfield, “Some Notes on Code Switching in Navajo”. Anthropological Linguistics vol.22 (1980): 219.

[9] Canfield, “Code Switching in Navajo”, 219.

[10] Agnes Holm, with Wayne Holm and Bernard Spolsky. “English Loan Words in the Speech of six-year-old Navajo Chidren.” Navajo Reading Study Progress Report No.16 (1971): 7.

[11] Holm, Holm and Spolsky, “English Loanwords in Navajo Children”, 7.

[12] Canfield, “Code Switching in Navajo”, 219.

[13] Foster et al., “Language of Navajo Childre”, 16.

[14] Holm, Holm and Spolsky, “English Loanwords in Navajo Children”, 7.

[15] Patrick Moore, “Re-valuing Code-Switching: Lessons from Kaska Narrative Performances. Activating the heart: storytelling, knowledge sharing, and relationship, Wilfred Laurier University Press. (2018): 66

[16] Anthony K. Webster, “Plaza ‘Góó and before he can respond…’: Language Ideology, Bilingual Navajo, and Navajo Poetry.” International Pragmatics Association, vol.3, (2008): 513-514

[17] Schaengold, “Bilingual Navajo,” 8-20

[18] Moore, “Re-valuing Code-Switching”, 55

[19] Wesley Y. Leonard, “Producing language reclamation by decolonising ‘language’.” Wesley Y. Leonard & Haley De Korne (eds) Language Documentation and Description, vol 14. London: EL Publishing. (2017): 16-18

[20] Keren Rice, “Can the Study of Formal Linguistics Help Language Reclamation?”, Presentation in the 39th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, April 9, 2021.

[21] Marianne Mithun, “The significance of diversity in language endangerment and preservation.” Endangered languages: language loss and community response. Edited by Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley. (1998): 189

[22] Joseph Errington. “Linguistics in a colonial world: A story of language, meaning, and power.” Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (2008)

[23] Leonard, “Producing language reclamation” 15

[24] Nominalize: to convert the part of speech of a word into noun. For example, "swim" can be nominalized by changing into "swimming"

[25] Affix: an element that is added to an existing word to change the part of speech or grammatical function of the existing word. "Suffix" refers to an affix that comes after the existing word. For example, in "dogs", the "-s" is a suffix. "Affixation" refers to the process of adding an affix.

References

Arends, Jacques, Pieter Muysken; Norval Smith, Pidgins and creoles: An introduction, Amsterdam: Benjamins. 1995

Canfield, Kip, “Some Notes on Code Switching in Navajo”. Anthropological Linguistics vol.22 (1980): 218-220. 

Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2021. http://www.ethnologue.com.

Errington, Joseph. “Linguistics in a colonial world: A story of language, meaning, and power.” Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (2008) 

Foster, Susan, Gloria Singer, Lucy Benally, Theresa Boone, and Ann Beck. “Describing the Language of Navajo Children”, Journal of Navajo Education Volume vii, Number 1. (Fall 1989)

Holm, Agnes, with Wayne Holm and Bernard Spolsky. “English Loan Words in the Speech of six-year-old Navajo Chidren.” Navajo Reading Study Progress Report No.16 (1971): 7.

Leonard, Wesley Y., “Producing language reclamation by decolonising ‘language’.” Wesley Y. Leonard & Haley De Korne (eds) Language Documentation and Description, vol 14. London: EL Publishing. (2017): 15-36

Mithun, Marianne, “The significance of diversity in language endangerment and preservation.” Endangered languages: language loss and community response. Edited by Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley. (1998): 163-191

Moore, Patrick, “Re-valuing Code-Switching: Lessons from Kaska Narrative Performances.” Activating the heart: storytelling, knowledge sharing, and relationship, Wilfred Laurier University Press. (2018): 53-67

Rice, Keren, “Can the Study of Formal Linguistics Help Language Reclamation?”, Presentation in the 39th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, April 9, 2021.

Schaengold, Charlotte. “Bilingual Navajo: mixed codes, bilingualism, and language maintenance.” PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2004. 

Webster, Anthony K., “Plaza ‘Góó and before he can respond…’: Language Ideology, Bilingual Navajo, and Navajo Poetry.” International Pragmatics Association, vol.3, (2008): 511-541

Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing. Malden, MA. 2003